{"id":104045,"date":"2017-05-28T14:34:40","date_gmt":"2017-05-28T14:34:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gerdtestpress.online\/?guid=dc2560ae9a99210175d91fd9624bc028"},"modified":"2017-05-28T14:34:40","modified_gmt":"2017-05-28T14:34:40","slug":"the-long-winding-road-for-driverless-cars-must-read-via-the-econmist","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/futuristgerd.com\/pt\/2017\/05\/the-long-winding-road-for-driverless-cars-must-read-via-the-econmist\/","title":{"rendered":"O longo e sinuoso caminho para os carros sem condutor - leitura obrigat\u00f3ria via The Economist"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u201cLevel 3 autonomous driving is even more controversial. The main difference is that, while the driver must still remain vigilant and ready to intervene in an emergency, responsibility for all the critical safety functions is shifted from the driver to the car. This has a lot of engineers worried. Experience has not been good with control systems that relegate the operator to a managerial role outside the feedback loop, with the sole function of interceding in the case of an emergency.<\/p>\n

It was this sort of thinking that allowed an accident at a nuclear power plant at Three Mile Island, in 1979, to escalate into a full-blown meltdown. Plant operators failed to react correctly when a valve stuck open and caused the reactor to lose cooling water. They then made matters worse by overriding the automatic emergency cooling system, thinking there was too much water in the reactor rather than too little. The accident report blamed inadequate operator training and a poorly designed computer interface.<\/p>\n

Similar human failings have led to countless airline accidents\u2014most recently, the Asiana Airlines crash at San Francisco in 2013. Over-reliance on automation and lack of systems understanding by the pilots when they needed to interevene were cited as major factors contributing to the Asiana crash. Some carmakers fear that\u2014even more than reactor operators or professional pilots\u2014untrained motorists may only compound the problem when suddenly required to take control of an otherwise fully automated system. Ford believes it is better to skip Level 3 altogether, and go straight to Level 4, even if it takes longer.\u201d<\/p>\n

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The long, winding road for driverless cars
\nhttps:\/\/www.economist.com\/news\/science-and-technology\/21722628-forget-hype-about-autonomous-vehicles-being-around-cornerreal-driverless-cars-will<\/a>
\nvia Instapaper<\/div>\n
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\"A condu\u00e7\u00e3o aut\u00f3noma de n\u00edvel 3 \u00e9 ainda mais controversa. A principal diferen\u00e7a \u00e9 que, embora o condutor deva permanecer vigilante e pronto a intervir em caso de emerg\u00eancia, a responsabilidade por todas as fun\u00e7\u00f5es cr\u00edticas de seguran\u00e7a \u00e9 transferida do condutor para o autom\u00f3vel. Este facto preocupa muitos engenheiros. A experi\u00eancia n\u00e3o tem sido boa com sistemas de controlo que relegam o operador para um papel de gest\u00e3o fora do circuito de feedback, com a \u00fanica fun\u00e7\u00e3o de intervir em caso de emerg\u00eancia. <\/p>\n

Foi este tipo de pensamento que permitiu que um acidente numa central nuclear em Three Mile Island, em 1979, se transformasse numa fus\u00e3o total. Os operadores da central n\u00e3o reagiram corretamente quando uma v\u00e1lvula se abriu e fez com que o reator perdesse \u00e1gua de refrigera\u00e7\u00e3o. Depois, agravaram a situa\u00e7\u00e3o ao anularem o sistema autom\u00e1tico de arrefecimento de emerg\u00eancia, pensando que havia \u00e1gua a mais no reator e n\u00e3o a menos. O relat\u00f3rio do acidente atribuiu a culpa a uma forma\u00e7\u00e3o inadequada dos operadores e a uma interface inform\u00e1tica mal concebida.<\/p>\n

Falhas humanas semelhantes levaram a in\u00fameros acidentes a\u00e9reos - mais recentemente, o acidente da Asiana Airlines em S\u00e3o Francisco em 2013. O excesso de confian\u00e7a na automa\u00e7\u00e3o e a falta de compreens\u00e3o dos sistemas por parte dos pilotos quando precisavam de intervir foram citados como os principais factores que contribu\u00edram para o acidente da Asiana. Alguns fabricantes de autom\u00f3veis receiam que - ainda mais do que os operadores de reactores ou os pilotos profissionais - os condutores sem forma\u00e7\u00e3o possam apenas agravar o problema quando subitamente tiverem de assumir o controlo de um sistema totalmente automatizado. A Ford acredita que \u00e9 melhor saltar completamente o N\u00edvel 3 e passar diretamente para o N\u00edvel 4, mesmo que demore mais tempo\".<\/p>\n

O longo e sinuoso caminho para os autom\u00f3veis sem condutor
https:\/\/www.economist.com\/news\/science-and-technology\/21722628-forget-hype-about-autonomous-vehicles-being-around-cornerreal-driverless-cars-will<\/a>
via Instapaper<\/div>\n

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